Conclusion

Introduction | 1786 | 1801 | 1802 | 1803 | 1805 | 1816 | 1820 | 1825 | 1830 | References

1. C.J. Kappler, comp. And ed., Indian Treaties: 1778-1883 (New York: International 1972). This compilation-the standard source-was originally published as Indian Affairs, Laws, and Treaties (Washington, D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office); the second edition appeared in 1904. It includes the texts of ratified treaties with the appropriate statute laws and preceding treaties. It has been reprinted in parts by private presses. George fay has gathered them together by tribes and has issued them in mimeograph form as publication of the University of Northern Colorado Miscellaneous Series or Ethnology Series. The Institute for the Development of Indian Law, 937 Fifteenth St. NW, Washington, D.C., has also published treaties by tribes, reprinting Kappler with notes and comments. Other useful earlier compilations are those in Indian Treaties and Laws and Regulations Relating to Indian Affairs (Washington, D.C., 1826); Treaties between the United States of America and the Several Indian Tribes (Washington, D.C., 1837); and A Compilation of All the Treaties (Washington, D.C., 1873). Early agreements may be found in the two volumes of American State Papers: Indian Affairs,. Microfilm editions of treaties in the National Archives (RG 11) are titled Ratified Indian Treaties, 1722-1869, M668, sixteen rolls, and Documents Relating to the Negotiations of Ratified and Unratified Treaties with Various Indian Tribes, 1801-1869, T494 (from RG 75), ten rolls. Both of these microfilm series are in the Newberry Library. See also A.H. deRosier, The Removal of the Choctaw Indians (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1970); A. Debo, A History of the Indians of the United States (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1970); R. Ferguson, comp., "A Choctaw Chronology," mimeograph (Nashville: Tennessee Archaeological Society, 1962). A copy of each treaty is also contained in Vine Deloria, Jr., comp., Treaties and Agreements of the Five Civilized Tribes (Washington, D.C.: Institute of the Development of Indian Law, n.d.).

2. Robert S. Cotterill, The Southern Indians: The Story of the Five Civilized Tribes Before Removal (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1954), p. 134. See also Kappler.

3. Anna Lewis, Chief Pushmataha: American Patriot (New York: Exposition Press, 1959), p. 48.

4. Kappler, p. 47.

5. The spelling of hoe buckintoopa varies from source to source: spellings include: hoe-buckin-too-pa, ho-buckin-pa, hoe buckintoopa, hobak itopa (using the current Choctaw orthography).

6. H.B. Cushman, History of the Choctaw, Chickasaw, and Natchez Indians (1899; reprint, New York: Russell and Russell, 1972).

7. G.H. Ethridge, "The Treaty of Doak's Stand-Coercion and Negotiation-Indian Chiefs Engaged-Pushmataoha's Diplomacy," Clarion Ledger, March 12, 1939; R.S. Cotterill, The Southern Indians: The Story of the Civilized Tribes before Removal (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1954), p. 209.

8. T.L. McKenney and J. Hall, History of the Indian Tribes of North America, edited by Frederick W. Greennough (New York, 1883), vol 1; A. Lewis, Chief Pushmataha: American Patriot--The Story of the Choctaws' Struggle for Survival (New York: Exposition Press, 1959). The spelling of "Apushmataha" varies, depending on the source, and includes "Apushimataha," and "Pushmataha."

9. Gideon Lincecum, "Life of Apushmataha," Mississippi Historical Society, 9 (1905- 1906), p. 422; K.C. Turner, Red Man Calling on the Great White Father (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1951), p. 149.

10. Kappler, p. 149.

11. Kappler; also see G. S. Gaines, Removal of the Choctaws, Alabama State Department of Archives and History Historical and Patriotic Series, No. 10 (Birmingham Printing, 1928), pp. 10 - 24 : HS Halbert, "Story of the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit, "Mississippi Historical Society, 5 (1902), pp. 373 - 402.

12. A. H. DeRosier, Jr., "Andrew Jackson and Negotiations for the Removal of the Choctaw Indians," Historian, 29 (May 1976), pp. 99-106.

13. Halbert, pp. 373-402; Gaines, pp. 10-24; A.W. Dillard, "The Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek between the United States and the Choctaw Indians in 1830," Alabama Historical Society, Transactions, 3 (1899), pp. 99-106.

14. The names of the Choctaw leaders are spelled as they appear in Halbert's "Story of the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit;" depending on the source, these names may be spelled in a variety of ways: Leflore, Moshulatubbee, Mo-shu-li-tub-bee, Mushulatubbee, Nittakechi, Nittakechi, Hopaii, Iskitini, Hopiaisketina.

15. Halbert, p. 381.

16. Ibid., pp. 383, 387.

17. Ibid., pp. 388-389.

18. Mrs. N. D. Deupree, "Greenwood Le Flore," Mississippi Historical Society, 7 (1903), pp. 141-151. This article provides a sketch of the life of Leflore, including some of his personal characteristics.

19. Kappler, 1972.

20. Ibid.

21. Halbert, p. 395.

22. Ibid., p. 396.

23. P. Coe,"Choctaw Saga: White Man on Porch, Shotgun in Hand," Indian Affairs, 34 (1959).